Wednesday, November 04, 2009

Rashi and the Criterion of Shishim Ribo: Conditional on a Street or a City?

I am sure that most of my readers are familiar with the machlokas whether to apply the criterion of shishim ribo, to a city or to a street. The main argument cited by those who claim that shishim ribo is conditional on a city is that Rashi, the main supporter of this fundament, employs the word ir [city] when mentioning shishim ribo (Eruvin 6a):

ר"ה: משמע רחב שש עשרה אמה ועיר שמצויין בה ששים רבוא

However, the source for Rashi, the Behag (Berlin edition, p. 131; see the following post The Reprinting of the Berlin Edition of the Behag), refers to a place/road:

רשות הרבים דוכתא דדשין בה שית מאה אלפי גוברין בכל יומא

Therefore, it is unlikely that Rashi or any of the other Rishonim maintains that shishim ribo applies to a city.

Why then does Rashi make use of the word city in reference to the criterion of shishim ribo? Rashi clarifies his shita in Eruvin 59b:

דרך עיירות להיות פתחי פילושיהן לאורכם ורה"ר עוברת מפתח לפתח וחלוקה לאורכה ... והני דרסי בהך רה"ר ... ורה"ר זו מחברתם שכולם מעורבין בה

Likewise, we find in Tosfos Rid, Eruvin 59b:

דדמי מבוי האמצעי לכל מבואות העיר הפתוחין לעיר, כמו המבוי לחצרות ... כך כל מבואות העיר דורסין על המבוי האמצעי כשרוצין לצאת מן העיר ולהיכנס

Rashi and Tosfos Rid are informing us as to how cities were designed. Cities in the past had a main road that all residents used to enter and exit the city (because most cities were walled), and this thoroughfare was the reshus harabbim of the city. Consequentially, when Rashi and the Rishonim who follow him use the word city in reference to shishim ribo, they are not signifying that the criterion is conditional on a city but only that the main thoroughfare in a city containing shishim ribo would be classified as a reshus harabbim since it is traversed by its entire population.

This follows why Tosfos,[1] Rosh,[2] Ritva,[3] Ran[4] and Meiri,[5] when citing Rashi’s shita regarding shishim ribo, omit the word city because, as defined by Rashi, a city that includes a population of shishim ribo would also contain a central corridor traversed by the entire population of the city. A city containing shishim ribo is only an example as to how a thoroughfare can support such a population. Additionally, this clarifies why the Ritva, who omits the word city when citing Rashi (Shabbos, 6a), at times does mention city when discussing the criterion of shishim ribo (Eruvin, 59a). A city and street, as defined by Rashi, are dependent on each other. In a city containing shishim ribo, only its main thoroughfare would be classified as a reshus harabbim since the entire populace would need to traverse it when exiting and entering the city.

On the other hand, since the populace of today’s cities utilizes many thoroughfares, none of the streets are traversed by its entire population, and therefore, none of the streets would be classified as a reshus harabbim.[6]
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[1] פרק קמא דעירובין דף ו ע"א ד"ה כיצד מערבין וז"ל: "פירוש הקונטרס רה"ר רחב י"ו אמות ומפולש משני צדדים משער לשער ומצויין בה ששים רבוא.
[2] שם סימן ח וז"ל: "ורה"ר פי' רש"י צריך שיהא רחב ט"ז אמה ומצויין בה ששים רבוא.
[3] שבת דף ו ע"א ד"ה ואיזהו ר"ה סרטיא ופלטיא גדולה ומבואות המפולשות וז"ל: "ופלטיא השוקים והרחובות שנושאים ונותנים רבים תדיר, ומבואות המפולשים כשהם רחבים י"ו אמה ויש בהם דרך לששים רבוא וכפרשי"י בפ"ק דעירובין.
[4] פרק קמא דעירובין דף ו ע"א ד"ה כיצד מערבין רשות הרבים וז"ל: "פרש"י ז"ל דרשות הרבים בעינן שיהא רחב שש עשרה אמה ועוד שמצויין בה ששים רבוא.
[5] שם דף ו ע"ב וז"ל: "ורה"ר הוא לדעת רש"י שהוא רחב י"ו אמה ושתהא דריסת ששים רבוא מצויה לשם.
[6] This is similar to the Aruch HaShulchan’s chiddush (345:19-22).

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